![]() In addition, a study stressed that the relationships between work‐related factors and depressive disorder could not remain when individual tests and higher level (such as country) of measures were simultaneously taken into account in the analysis, suggesting the importance of employing multilevel analysis especially when the structure of data is hierarchical (Muntaner et al., 2006). ![]() Specifically, an adverse effect of high job strain on depression has been widely accepted (Mezuk, Bohnert, Ratliff, & Zivin, 2011 Stansfeld, Shipley, Head, & Fuhrer, 2012 Van Den Bogaard & Henkens, 2018 Wahrendorf, Blane, Bartley, Dragano, & Siegrist, 2013), although a few other studies did not find such an association (Landsbergis, Schnall, Warren, Pickering, & Schwartz, 1994 Ylipaavalniemi et al., 2005). The influence of work conditions on mental health has been extensively studied over the last decades. Due to the multifactorial influence and various diagnostic criteria used in different studies, it is difficult to clarify whether or not these differences are real, which highlights the importance of using uniformed information source to obtain comparable estimations. The prevalence figures also differed in countries, from 5%–7% in Japan to 31% in the USA (Blackmore et al., 2007 Heim, Wegmann, & Maercker, 2017), with European countries in the middle, for example, Hungary (7.1%), Austria (7.6%), Romania (7.6%), Estonia (7.9%), Ireland (8.5%), Spain (8.6%), Italy (9.2%), Slovenia (11.4%), Germany (12.9%), and France (15.4%) (Aichberger et al., 2010 Balazs et al., 2012 Narayanan, Potthoff, & Guether, 2009). ![]() A wide range of depression prevalence has been reported across age groups from 1.8% of children aged 8–11 years to 27% of population aged over 60 years (Castro‐Costa et al., 2008 Polainolorente & Domènech, 1993). According to the statistics of World Health Organization (WHO), 350 million people are expected to suffer from depression worldwide in 2030 and it will emerge as a major contributor to the global burden of disease (WHO, 2017). It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and decrease a person's ability to function at work and at home. ![]() Depression is a common and serious emotional disorder that causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities for weeks, months, or even years. ![]()
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